Heterotrimeric G proteins form stable complexes with adenylyl cyclase and Kir3.1 channels in living cells

Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) and co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that heterotrimeric G proteins and their effectors were found in stable complexes that persisted during signal transduction. Adenylyl cyclase, Kir3.1 channel subunits and several G-protein subunits (Galpha(s), Galpha(i), Gbeta(1) and Ggamma(2)) were tagged with luciferase (RLuc) or GFP, or the complementary fragments of YFP (specifically Gbeta(1)-YFP(1-158) and Ggamma(2)-YFP(159-238), which heterodimerize to produce fluorescent YFP-Gbeta(1)gamma(2)). BRET was observed between adenylyl-cyclase-RLuc or Kir3.1-RLuc and GFP-Ggamma(2), GFP-Gbeta(1) or YFP-Gbeta(1)gamma(2). Galpha subunits were also stably associated with both effectors regardless of whether or not signal transduction was initiated by a receptor agonist. Although BRET between effectors and Gbetagamma was increased by receptor stimulation, our data indicate that these changes are likely to be conformational in nature. Furthermore, receptor-sensitive G-protein-effector complexes could be detected before being transported to the plasma membrane, providing the first direct evidence for an intracellular site of assembly.