X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of amorphous carbon ( a - C )-based nanocomposite films has been carried out. Four bonding types of carbon are revealed from the C 1s spectra: C – C sp 2 and sp 3 bonding, C – O and C – Ti bonding. With the introduction of Ti and Al into the a - C matrix, the carbon sp 3/ sp 2 ratio decreases significantly. XPS results also confirm that the Al doped in the film basically exists as an elemental Al in the a - C matrix, and the titanium is mostly bonded with carbon to form nc - TiC .
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Zhang et al. (2004) studied this question.
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