Emotional reactions to achievement outcomes: Is it really best to expect the worst?

Expectancies of success are widely thought to influence people's emotional reactions to performance outcomes: The lower one's expectancies, the more delighted one should be following success and the less disappointed one should be following failure. Although this proposition has been accepted almost as a truism, a review of the literature reveals that it has not been tested adequately. In this paper, we report two tests of this hypothesis, finding little evidence that low expectancies are beneficial. The discussion considers the implications of these findings for theories of emotion and the costs and benefits of positive thinking.