Human Retinas Synthesize and Release Acetylcholine

Human retinas have the capacity to synthesize and release [3H]acetylcholine ([3H]ACh) after an incubation in [3H]choline ([3H]Ch). Synthesis of [3H]Ch by retinal homogenates was determined using either high-voltage paper electrophoresis (HVPE) or a two-step enzymatic/extraction assay for separating [3H]ACh from [3H]Ch. The enzymatic/extraction assay is shown to be accurate over a wide range of concentrations (10(-6)-10(-12) M). Homogenates of human retina synthesize [3H]ACh from [3H]Ch. We find an approximate Km of 50 microM and a Vmax of about 20 nmol/mg protein/h (at 37 degrees C) for the synthesis of labeled ACh by retinal homogenates. Human retinas also release [3H]ACh after a pulse of [3H]Ch. Release of labeled transmitter is stimulated by potassium depolarization. The potassium-stimulated release is partially blocked by magnesium or cobalt ions. Release data were analyzed by both the enzymatic/extraction assay and HVPE; the results are qualitatively identical in both cases. The data reported here provide additional evidence for cholinergic neurotransmission in the human retina.