Standards for measurement of the critical fields of superconductors

The origins, definitions, and measurement of the various critical magnetic fields associated with superconductors are reviewed. The potential need for a consensus standard for the measurement of these fields is evaluated. Measurement techniques as practiced both in industry and in the national laboratories and extrapolation techniques commonly used to determine the upper critical fields of the newer materials are presented. Sources of error in the experimental determination of critical fields are assessed for the various common techniques. A comprehensive bibliography of the modern literature on critical field measurement and interpretation is included.