Nonplanar push–pull chromophores with tetrathiafulvalene and ferrocene donors (see picture) were prepared by formal [2+2] cycloadditions between electron-rich alkynes and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) or 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ). X-ray crystallographic studies, complemented by UV/Vis and electrochemical measurements, provide clear insight into the remarkably strong intramolecular charge-transfer interactions in these chromophores, despite their pronounced nonplanarity.
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Kato et al. (2009) studied this question.