Face cooling exposes cardiac parasympathetic and sympathetic dysfunction in recently concussed college athletes

Figures

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  Figure 1. Changes in heart rate (A), R‐R interval (B), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) (C), and high‐frequency power (D) from baseline during 3 min of face cooling in healthy and symptomatic concussed athletes. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA followed by the Holm‐Sidak procedure for multiple comparisons if a significant interaction or main effect was found. Data are presented as mean ± SD. B = different from baseline (P ≤ 0.025), *different from concussed athletes (P < 0.001).

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  Figure 2. The individual responses and means ± SD for the nadir heart rate (A), and peak R‐R interval (B), root mean square of successive differences (C), and high‐frequency power (D) during face cooling independent of time. Data were analyzed using unpaired t‐tests.

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  Figure 3. Changes in stroke volume (A) and cardiac output (B) from baseline during 3 min of face cooling in healthy and symptomatic concussed athletes. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA followed by the Holm‐Sidak procedure for multiple comparisons if a significant interaction or main effect was found. Data are presented as mean ± SD. B, different from baseline (P ≤ 0.044).

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  Figure 4. Changes in mean arterial pressure (A), systolic blood pressure (B), diastolic blood pressure (C), and total peripheral resistance (D) from baseline during 3 min of face cooling in healthy and symptomatic concussed athletes. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA followed by the Holm‐Sidak procedure for multiple comparisons if a significant interaction or main effect was found. Data are presented as mean ± SD. B = different from baseline (P ≤ 0.032), *different from concussed athletes (P ≤ 0.049).

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  Figure 5. The individual responses and means ± SD for the peak increases in mean arterial pressure (A), systolic blood pressure (B), and diastolic blood pressure (C) during face cooling independent of time. Data were analyzed using unpaired t‐tests.