Propagation and density effects in the coherent-population-trapping maser

The coherent microwave emission from an optically thick atomic ensemble in a cavity under coherent population trapping is analyzed. Transient and continuous operations are theoretically examined within the frame of a closed three-level system in the Dicke regime. The effects related to the atomic density and to the propagation in the active medium are examined with particular reference to the subnatural linewidth, the low group velocity and the shifts of the maser emission profile from the unperturbed atomic transition. The case of alkali-metal atoms submitted to a {Λ} excitation scheme is addressed in view of applications in the atomic frequency standard field. Experimental observations in agreement with the theoretical predictions are reported for the case of rubidium in a buffer gas. Apparent superluminal propagation is also reported and briefly discussed.