Multiconfigurational self-consistent field linear response for the polarizable continuum model: Theory and application to ground and excited-state polarizabilities of para-nitroaniline in solution

This paper presents the linear response (LR) function for a multiconfigurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) molecular wave function for the integral equation formalism version of the polarizable continuum model (PCM). Both equilibrium and nonequilibrium PCM solvation schemes are described: The nonequilibrium scheme is applied to the calculation of excited state wave functions (Franck–Condon states) and/or of dynamic response properties. An important characteristic of the LR-PCM-MCSCF theory is the explicit inclusion of the effects of solvent dynamics, and this allows us to treat a large variety of time-dependent phenomena. Here, in particular, the theory is applied to the study of the solvent effect on transition energies and on static and dynamic polarizabilities of para-nitroaniline (pNA). The study of the polarizability dispersion of pNA is performed for the ground state and for low-lying electronic excited states including the charge transfer state. We compare our results with available experimental and theoretical data.