A criterion to distinguish between voltage instability and angle instability is presented. Analysis of the WSCC outage of 2 July 1996 is given. By applying the criteria, it is recognized that the Pacific Intertie outage was caused by angle instability. To avoid similar cascading outages, some related issues and suggestions are discussed. These include application of single phase tripping and reclosing, and improvements in dynamic performance monitoring.
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C.Q. Liu (1998) studied this question.
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