Preclinical study demonstrates non-invasive transdermal insulin delivery in intact skin models, highlighting a viable needle-free strategy for therapeutic macromolecules.
Wei and colleagues reported a pH-responsive, charge-switchable polyzwitterionic polymer carrier that achieves non-invasive transdermal insulin delivery without external energy input. The approach leverages adaptive compatibility with the cutaneous microenvironment to shuttle functional macromolecules across intact skin and achieve definitive systemic therapeutic outcomes.
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Chen et al. (2026) studied this question.
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