Overriding Standard Decoding: Implications of Recoding for Ribosome Function and Enrichment of Gene Expression

When the genetic code and the general mechanism ofits readout were elucidated, there was no reason to thinkthat decoding would not be uniform—that the code wouldbe read differently at specific sites within coding sequences. However, we now know that ribosomes showremarkable versatility in response to recoding signals.They can shift reading frame in either direction, bypassblocks of nucleotides within mRNA or redefine themeaning of certain codons, usually stop codons. The crucial signals can involve not only specific sequences in themRNA, but also mRNA structures, specialized translation factors, specialized tRNAs, and even amino acid sequences in the nascent peptide chain...