A historical perspective on the development of physical metallurgy is presented. Two recent advances in the control of microstructure, rapid solidification and artificial multilayers, are discussed. Rapid solidification has produced metallic glasses and metastable crystalline systems, and has led to important technological and scientific discoveries. The synthesis of artificial multilayers by direct deposition represents the ultimate control of such microstructures.
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F. Spaepen (1987) studied this question.
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