A review is given of the contribution of autoionizing levels to photoionization, collisional ionization, dielectronic recombination, and collisional excitation, all based on a simple approach involving only perturbation-theory calculation of autoionization and radiative transition probability rates. Numerical examples are treated for dielectronic-recombination contributions to observed 2 p -3 d spectra in Mo 29+ to Mo 32+ , and for resonance contributions to 2 s -3 s and 2 p -3 s collision strengths in O 5+ .
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Robert D. Cowan (1983) studied this question.