SUSANNE S. ROBB, PHD, RNC, FAAN, is associate chief, Nursing Service for Research, VA Medical Center, University Drive, Pittsburgh, PA. CHARLES E. STEGMAN PHD, is associate professor of educational research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. MARY OPAL WOLANIN, MPA, RN, is associate professor emeritus, University of Arizona, and consultant in geriatric and gerontological nursing, Twason, AZ.
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Robb et al. (1986) studied this question.