Bacillus cereus LSP29 isolated from soil of the mining area can tolerate lead stress through antioxidation, adsorption, mineralization and molecular regulation

, CO, and C-O-P groups. Additionally, LSP29 facilitated Pb(II) mineralization into PbS crystals. Transcriptomic analysis identified 920 differentially expressed genes, highlighting upregulation in iron import, metal ion transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and sulfur relay systems, and downregulation in flagellum-dependent motility and small molecule catabolism. This study reveals a synergistic tolerance mechanism in strain LSP29 that integrates antioxidant defense, extracellular adsorption, biomineralization, and molecular regulation. These findings provide a theoretical foundation and suggest a potential microbial resource for the bioremediation of Pb-contaminated environments.