Trunk sagittal plane leaning influence on lower limb biomechanics of novice and recreational runners: a systematic review

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Background The trunk can play a role in the biomechanics of the lower limbs during running.Objectives This study aimed to analyze the influence of trunk sagittal plane leaning (TSPL) on the biomechanics of the lower limbs in healthy novice and recreational runners.Methods A literature search was conducted on PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE, and CINAHL until August 30, 2024. Experimental studies with a within-subject (repeated-measures) design that evaluated healthy novice or recreational runners and reported trunk biomechanics and lower limb biomechanical outcomes during running were included. These studies were analyzed using the Joanna Briggs Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies.Results Eight studies identified that forward TSPL increased peak hip extension moment, reduced knee extension and patellofemoral joint reaction, and ankle plantar flexor moments.Conclusion Forward TSPL during running affects the lower limb kinematics and kinetics and appears to be beneficial in reducing knee injury risk by redistributing the workload from the knees to the hips. These findings highlight the influence of trunk posture on running mechanics and may inform clinical decision-making and training strategies.