Probiotic mixture enhances spatial memory via gut-brain axis modulation in mice

Probiotics modulate gut-brain communication and influence cognitive function. This study investigated the effects of a probiotic mixture, Pro-neuron, on spatial memory and gut microbiota in healthy mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: blank control, positive control (PC, gamma-aminobutyric acid), and Pro-neuron. After four weeks of oral administration, spatial memory was assessed using the Y-maze test, and gut microbiota composition was analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing. Pro-neuron significantly enhanced memory performance, as indicated by increased alternation behavior. Immunohistochemistry showed elevated hippocampal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), while acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels remained unchanged. Pro-neuron also enriched beneficial microbiota taxa, including Bifidobacterium , Lactobacillus , and Muribaculum , which are associated with neuroactive metabolite production, including short-chain fatty acids. These findings suggest that Pro-neuron may enhance spatial memory by modulating gut microbiota and promoting hippocampal BDNF expression, supporting its potential as a cognitive health supplement.