Multi-Wavelength Observations of GRB 111228a and Implications for the Fireball and Its Environment

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

Observations of very early multi-wavelength afterglows are critical to reveal the properties of the radiating fireball and its environment as well as the central engine of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). We report our optical observations of GRB 111228A from 95 s to about 50 hr after the burst trigger and investigate its properties of the prompt gamma-rays and the ambient medium using our data and the data from the Swift and Fermi missions. Our joint optical and X-ray spectral fits to the afterglow data show that the ambient medium features a low dust-to-gas ratio. Incorporating the energy injection effect, our best fit to the afterglow light curves with the standard afterglow model via the Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique shows that , , cm−3. The low medium density likely implies that the afterglow jet may be in a halo or in a hot ISM. A chromatic shallow decay segment observed in the optical and X-ray bands is well explained with the long-lasting energy injection from the central engine, which would be a magnetar with a period of about 1.92 ms inferred from the data. The E p of its time-integrated prompt gamma-ray spectrum is ∼26 KeV. Using the initial Lorentz factor ( ) derived from our afterglow model fit, it is found that GRB 111228A satisfies the relation and bridges the typical GRBs and low luminosity GRBs in this relation.