Safety of Robotic Prostatectomy Over Time: A National Study of In-Hospital Injury

OBJECTIVE: To assess national trends of iatrogenic complications and associated burden of care among patients undergoing open and minimally invasive prostatectomy using a population-based cohort. METHODS: Using the nationally representative cohort, we identified patients who were diagnosed with prostate cancer, and underwent prostatectomy during 2001 and 2011. We determined the risk of iatrogenic complication and length of stay (LOS) over time among open and minimally invasive surgery (MIS) patients. Hierarchical multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the changes over time and elucidate independent predictors of iatrogenic complications. RESULTS: We identified 556,932 and 219,434 prostate cancer patients undergoing open and minimally invasive prostatectomy. We found that iatrogenic complications for MIS were less frequent in later years (years 09-11 vs. year 01-02 odds ratio (OR), 0.21; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.09-0.40). MIS was associated with higher risk of iatrogenic complications in early period (years 01-02 OR, 3.81; 95% CI, 1.72-8.41), but lower risk in late period (years 09-11 OR 0.72 95% CI 0.61-0.86). Patients who experienced iatrogenic complications tended to have longer LOS (Median: Open vs. MIS, 4 days vs. 3 day) than those who didn't (Median: Open vs. MIS, 2 days vs. 1 day), regardless of procedure type. CONCLUSION: We found that minimally invasive prostatectomy is associated with lower risk of iatrogenic complications when compared with open surgery (OS). However, as "learning curve" is overcome over time, MIS becomes safer than OS. Iatrogenic complications are not benign and seem to be associated with higher burden of inpatient care.