A radial gradient-index aplanatic singlet pickup objective lens for the compact disk (CD) system has been designed, manufactured, and evaluated. A plano-convex aplanatic singlet was designed by optimizing the refractive-index coefficients of the gradient-index medium, lens thickness, and one curvature. The necessary ion exchange technology and surface fabrication technology have been developed to successfully fabricate the objective lens. The gradient-index singlet was mounted in a CD player, and tests confirmed that the lens meets the system requirements.
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Nishi et al. (1986) studied this question.
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