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Multiple layers of glucose oxidase (or glutathione reductase) on Au electrodes can be activated and deactivated reversibly by a ferrocene–nitrospiropyran (or a bipyridinium–nitrospiropyran) acting as a photoisomerizable electron relay. The anchoring of the first enzyme layer to the surface of the electrode is shown schematically below.
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Lion‐Dagan et al. (1995) studied this question.
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