Polymer Staining for Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Review

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This review explores the use of staining techniques for polymers in transmission electron microscopy, with a focus on commonly employed staining agents and their mechanisms of interaction with polymeric materials. It offers detailed insights into contrast generation, emphasizing how specific stains selectively enhance electron density in distinct polymer phases to reveal morphological and structural features. Established contrast enhancement methods, such as heavy metal staining with agents like osmium tetroxide and ruthenium tetroxide, are discussed in depth. The review also highlights recent advancements in alternative staining strategies, illustrating emerging trends and expanding possibilities for high-resolution imaging in soft matter characterization.