In the first comprehensive treatise on the endocrine organs and secretions of invertebrate animals, Koller (1929) reviewed the observations of earlier authors. following decade witnessed the important monographic accounts of de Lerma (1934; 1936), Koller (1937), Hanstr6m (1937; 1939), and von der Wense (1938). Koller and Meyer (1930) reported that the hormone from the eye-stalks of crustaceans Crangon vulgaris and Praunus inermis caused expansion of the chromatophores of the fishes, Gobius ruthensparri and Pleuronectes platessa. results were confirmed by Kropp and Perkins (1933). Abramowitz (1936) reported that the hormone intermedin, prepared from the pituitary glands of sheep, expanded the chromatophores of the fiddler crab, Uca, after the pigment had been contracted by the removal of the eye-stalks. He stated (p. 523), The vertebrate pigmentary hormone is thus capable of evoking responses of invertebrate chromatophores, just as the crustacean hormone is capable of acting on the chromatophores of vertebrates as first demonstrated by Koller and Meyer and by Kropp and Perkins. Schmidt (1935) reported more rapid growth and earlier sexual maturity of the fresh-water polychaete, Lycastis ranauensis, when thyroid, anterior pituitary, and thymus preparations were added to the culture media. Reporting the investigation, Feuerborn (1936) stated (p. 139), Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass die Versuche an Lycastis im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Versuchen an Wirbellosen zeigen, dass dieses Object von Wirbeltierhormonen im engeren und weiteren Sinne nach verschiedener Richtung und in z.T. hohem Masse beeinflusst wird. results were accepted by Hanstrom (1939) who stated (p. 11), The action of the gonadotropic hormone of the hypophysis was for the first time established in invertebrates. Further studies in the past 20 years have demonstrated the presence and functions of hormone substances in plants and have established clearly that endocrine secretions regulate rates of physiological processes in both vertebrate and invertebrate animals. It is well-established that growth and molting of insects are directed and controlled by endocrine secretions. Cleveland (1957) reported correlation between molting of the wood-feeding roach, Cryptocercus, and the successive sexual processes in members of 10 genera of protozoans which live in the intestine of this insect. observation was confirmed by Nutting and Cleveland (1958) on evidence from cervical ligatures, glandular extirpations, and transfaunation experiments. procerebral pars intercerebralis was designated as the regulatory center. However, studies on the effects of the hormones of vertebrates on invertebrates and of extracts of invertebrate tissues on vertebrate animals have led to divergent and often conflicting results. In certain instances, effects attributed to hormones have been interpreted by other investigators as merely the results of more or less favorable nutritional conditions, or of irritation, or of intensification of normal activities.
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Horace W. Stunkard (1959) studied this question.