GDF11 ameliorated myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by antioxidant stress and up-regulating autophagy in STZ-induced type 1 diabetic rats

Figures

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  Figure 1. Effects of GDF11 on myocardial infarct size, CK-MB and LDH releases following 30 min ischemia followed by 2 h reperfusion, in non-diabetic and diabetic rats. (A) Percentage of area at risk vs. left ventricle. Biomarkers of the degree of injury (B) CK-MB and (C) LDH release. n=6-8/group. *P≤ 0.05 vs. N+S group, #P≤ 0.05 vs. N+IR group, &P≤ 0.05 vs. D+S group, +P≤ 0.05 vs. D+IR group. N, non-diabetes; D, diabetes; S, sham; IR, ischemia reperfusion; IA/AAR, infarct area/area at risk; CK-MB, creatine kinase MB; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.

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  Figure 2. GDF11 provided cardioprotection by antioxidant stress and up-regulation cardiac autophagy level in diabetic rats. Biomarkers of the degree of oxidative stress (A, B) SOD activity and 15-F2t-isoprostane level were assayed, (C, D) autophagic vacuoles number,(E) LC3II/I ratio and (F) Beclin-1 level in diabetic myocardium was detected to reflect autophagy level. n=6-8/group. *P≤ 0.05 vs. N+S group, #P≤ 0.05 vs. N+IR group, &P≤ 0.05 vs. D+S group, +P≤ 0.05 vs. D+IR group. N, non-diabetes; D, diabetes; S, sham; IR, ischemia reperfusion; SOD, superoxide dismutase.

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  Figure 3. Effects of GAF11 on H9c2 cells that suffered HR injury in HG or LG conditions. (A) Results of CCK-8 assay and (B) LDH activity were analyzed. The results are representative of ≥3 independent experiments. *P≤ 0.05 vs. LG group, #P≤ 0.05 vs. LG+HR group, &P≤ 0.05 vs. HG group, +P≤ 0.05 vs. HG+HR group, $P≤ 0.05 vs. GDF11+HG+HR group. LG, low glucose medium; HG, high glucose medium; HR, hypoxia reoxygenation; 3-MA, 3-Methyladenine; CCK-8, cell counting kit-8; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.

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  Figure 4. GDF11 provided protection against HR injury in H9c2 cells exposed to HG by antioxidant stress and elevating autophagy. (A) SOD activity, (B) LDH activity, (C) the ratio of LC3II/I and (D) Beclin-1 expression were analyzed. The results are representative of ≥3 independent experiments. *P≤ 0.05 vs. LG group, #P≤ 0.05 vs. LG+HR group, &P≤ 0.05 vs. HG group, +P≤ 0.05 vs. HG+HR group, $P≤ 0.05 vs. GDF11+HG+HR group. LG, low glucose medium; HG, high glucose medium; HR, hypoxia reoxygenation; 3-MA, 3-Methyladenine; SOD, superoxide dismutase; MDA, malondialdehyde.