When radio rays pass th rough t he atmosphere, they are defoc Llsed due to its presence. This effect is measu red by the divergence coefficient a nd general formulas are derived for D1, the dive rge nce coefficient of t he direct ray, and D" the divergence coefficient of the reflected ray-assuming a smooth spherical earth . As examples, D I a nd Dz are shown for some typical cases with an "exponential" atmosphere (troposphere).
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R.E. Wilkerson (1962) studied this question.