Finer-Scale Phylosymbiosis: Insights from Insect Viromes

Viruses are the most abundant biological entity on the planet and interact with microbial communities with which they associate. The virome of animals is often dominated by bacterial viruses, known as bacteriophages or phages, which can (re)structure bacterial communities potentially vital to the animal host. Beta diversity relationships of animal-associated bacterial communities in laboratory and wild populations frequently parallel animal phylogenetic relationships, a pattern termed phylosymbiosis. However, little is known about whether viral communities also exhibit this eco-evolutionary pattern. Metagenomics of purified viruses from recently diverged species of Nasonia parasitoid wasps reared in the lab indicates for the first time that the community relationships of the virome can also exhibit complete phylosymbiosis. Therefore, viruses, particularly bacteriophages here, may also be influenced by animal evolutionary changes either directly or indirectly through the tripartite interactions among hosts, bacteria, and phage communities. Moreover, we report several new bacteriophage genomes from the common gut bacteria in Nasonia .