ASO Author Reflections: Risk-Adapted Use of Adjuvant Systemic Therapy in Real-World Kidney Cancer Care

decision-making, and AST should be offered selectively rather than administered universally. FutureFuture studies should evaluate treatment patterns and realworld oncological outcomes as more mature follow-up in the era of adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibition becomes available.Data sources that distinguish between specific systemic agents and capture recurrence, comorbidity, contraindications, and patient preferences will be required to better assess treatment allocation and effectiveness.In parallel, greater awareness of guideline recommendations among treating physicians and multidisciplinary decision-making may help optimize the risk-adapted use of AST in routine clinical practice.