Retrospective ecological study reveals unpredictable SARS-CoV-2 seasonal circulation alongside consistent winter influenza peaks, highlighting the need for targeted immunization strategies.
Influenza exhibits predictable winter seasonality, while SARS-CoV-2 seasonal patterns remain uncertain. Using a retrospective ecological design, we analysed surveillance data from the US, England, and Europe during the post-pandemic period. Influenza maintained consistent late-autumn to winter peaks while SARS-CoV-2 showed dispersed peaks shifting from summer-autumn in 2022 to summer-dominant in 2024. From 2022 to 2025, SARS-CoV-2 continued to circulate with declining-but-unpredictable COVID-19 hospitalisation. These findings support continued surveillance and evidence-based immunisation strategies for vulnerable populations.
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Guerche‐Séblain et al. (2026) studied this question.
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