Hardware power consumption model for millimeter-wave massive MIMO antenna systems based on extensive circuit surveys

As millimeter-wave systems are deployed in 5G cellular networks and expected to expand to new frequency ranges in 6G, massive MIMO is a key technology to overcome the challenges of millimeter waves. The use of complex radio front-ends increases power consumption, and reliable consumption models are of great interest for the community. However, existing power consumption models often lack either generality or validation with real hardware measurements. This work addresses this gap by proposing a generalized and parameterized power consumption model derived from real hardware measurements collected through extensive surveys of circuit implementations. The proposed model enables a more empirically grounded comparison between the different massive MIMO architectures.