X-ray photoelectron diffraction data from single crystals of a biotite containing ∼1% Ti show that although this element is located entirely in octahedral sites, the Ti sites are not precisely equivalent to those of Mg and Fe. Comparisons of Ti 2p X-ray photoelectron spectra from two biotites and from two titaniferous phlogopites (∼0·3–·5% Ti) with those from Ti(II), Ti(III) and Ti(IV) oxides indicate that this element is present as Ti(III) rather than Ti(IV) in all four micas.
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Evans et al. (1980) studied this question.
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