pH-gated nanoparticles selectively regulate lysosomal function of tumour-associated macrophages for cancer immunotherapy

Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), as one of the most abundant tumour-infiltrating immune cells, play a pivotal role in tumour antigen clearance and immune suppression. M2-like TAMs present a heightened lysosomal acidity and protease activity, limiting an effective antigen cross-presentation. How to selectively reprogram M2-like TAMs to reinvigorate anti-tumour immune responses is challenging. Here, we report a pH-gated nanoadjuvant (PGN) that selectively targets the lysosomes of M2-like TAMs in tumours rather than the corresponding organelles from macrophages in healthy tissues. Enabled by the PGN nanotechnology, M2-like TAMs are specifically switched to a M1-like phenotype with attenuated lysosomal acidity and cathepsin activity for improved antigen cross-presentation, thus eliciting adaptive immune response and sustained tumour regression in tumour-bearing female mice. Our findings provide insights into how to specifically regulate lysosomal function of TAMs for efficient cancer immunotherapy.