Organisms inhabit the biosphere not as isolated entities: they interact with others.These may be individuals of the same species.In fact, the most common interactions are likely to be with very different beings.The interactions may be fleeting, or life-long, they may be simply sharing the same space, or may be complex behavioral and developmental processes (Buxa et al.; Genre and Russo) from which one or both partners derive an advantage and improve their reproductive success.
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Spanu et al. (2017) studied this question.
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