Methodological study demonstrates a digital twin protocol for material tracking in mining haulage, indicating reliable source-to-receiver accountability despite data gaps.
This study treats every movement of ore, waste or product as a potential change in material identity rather than as a dispatch transaction alone. It links loading origin, payload or scale support, route and road status, operator, time, destination, stockpile/dump state, rehandling and mixing history to later plant and inventory records. The Twin evaluates whether MTR-03 and MTR-04 preserve a defensible source-to-receiver trail when records are incomplete, material is blended or a route is restricted. It may predict queue, route or stockpile consequences, but cannot command mobile equipment. The contribution is a verification protocol for material continuity and uncertainty allocation, not a claim that fleet optimisation alone establishes metal accountability or operating authority.
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Durmishkhan Gakharia (2026) studied this question.
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