Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly prevalent and lethal cancer type being the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide [1]. More than 80% of cases occur in developing countries particularly in Eastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa mainly due to chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) [1,2]. Hence, HBV is the most common cause of HCC in the world. Although population-based universal infant vaccination is shown to be effective in preventing new neonatal HBV infection and related HCC [3], there are still over 350 million individuals with chronic infection, and the prevalence reaches 10–20% of the population in the endemic areas.
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Yujin Hoshida (2009) studied this question.
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