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We investigate a low Mach number supercritical quasiperpendicular shock using a three‐dimensional hybrid code. We find an out‐of‐coplanarity whistler wave mode propagating upstream, with properties similar to those of the “upstream whistlers” observed in the vicinity of planetary shocks. We discuss the generation mechanism, which turns out to be driven by the free energy provided by reflected protons.
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Hellinger et al. (1996) studied this question.
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