The gradient structure formed in the surface layers of Hadfield steel under dry sliding friction was studied using Moessbauer spectroscopy and electron microscopy. Structural-phase transitions are established in the contact stress zone on the steel surface. The 20-pm-thick surface layers reveal strain-induced short-range ordering with an increased number of neighboring manganese and carbon atoms. Thinner (up to 1 pm) layers are composed of nanocrystalline carbides of the (Fe,Mn)3C type.
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Шабашов et al. (2025) studied this question.
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