Sulindac and its metabolites inhibit invasion of glioblastoma cells via down‐regulation of Akt/PKB and MMP‐2

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), sulindac has chemopreventive and anti-tumorigenic properties, however, the molecular mechanism of this inhibitory action has not been clearly defined. The Akt/protein kinase B, serine/threonine kinase is well known as an important mediator of many cell survival signaling pathways. In the present study, we demonstrate that down-regulation of Akt is a major effect of anti-invasiveness property of sulindac and its metabolites in glioblastoma cells. Myristoylated Akt (MyrAkt) transfected U87MG glioblastoma cells showed increase invasiveness, whereas DN-Akt transfected cells showed decrease invasiveness indicating that Akt potently promoted glioblastoma cell invasion. MMP-2 promoter and enzyme activity were up-regulated in Akt kinase activity dependent manner. Sulindac and its metabolites down-regulated Akt phosphorylation, inhibited MMP-2 production, and significantly inhibited invasiveness of human glioblastoma cells. In addition, sulindac and LY294002, a selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), synergistically inhibited the invasion of glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, only celecoxib showed Akt phosphorylation reduction and an anti-invasivness in glioblastoma cells, whereas aspirin, ketoprofen, ketorolac, and naproxen did not. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that down-regulation of Akt pathway and MMP-2 may be one of the mechanisms by which sulindac and its metabolites inhibit glioblastoma cell invasion.