The use of ultra-high-vacuum systems to deposit thin films and multilayers of magnetic materials has led to the observation of a wide range of new magnetic phenomena. These include: the perpendicular easy axis of many thin films, the enhancement of magnetic moments at surfaces and steps, oscillatory coupling across non-magnetic spacers, and the giant magnetoresistance. In this review I give an overview of these effects.
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M. A. Howson (1994) studied this question.
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