Surfactant-stabilized strained Ge cones on Si(001)

The formation of circular cone-shaped Ge islands (12^∘{} cones) has been observed for the growth of eight monolayers of Ge on Si(001) at 700 ^∘{}C using Sb as a surfactant. The Ge cones are strained and grow pseudomorphically, adopting the Si lattice constant. They have a tilt angle of 12^∘{} and are composed of [117]-, [105]-type, and all intermediate facets. The island-size distribution is peaked around a typical size of {~}300--400 {}, which results from a formation process under equilibrium conditions for diffusion of the Ge atoms. Growth at lower temperatures down to 300 ^∘{}C with Sb as a surfactant results in epitaxial but very rough Ge films which show a high degree of disorder.