Morphometric analysis of the Taxus wallichiana complex (Taxaceae) based on herbarium material

We used morphological and geographical data of 128 herbarium specimens of the Taxus wallichiana complex in eastern Asia to investigate their utilization in discriminating and identifying taxa included in the complex. One bud scale and 26 leaf characters were used to separate T. fuana, T. wallichiana var. wallichiana, T. wallichiana var. mairei, T. wallichiana var. chinensis and T. sumatrana by K-means clustering and dendrograms using Ward's distance. Out of the 27 characters examined 21 were found to be well correlated with geographical patterns. T. fuana was morphologically the most distant taxon, while T. sumatrana clustered among the T. wallichiana varieties. After correcting misidentifications of the specimens in T. wallichiana, its varieties occupied discrete geographical ranges, except for some limited sympatry of varieties mairei and chinensis east of the Tanaka-Kaiyong line and the Sichuan Basin, China. Our analysis demonstrates the importance of consistency in character selection and definition in the identification of morphologically difficult taxa and the power of combining morphometric and geographical data in clarifying their spatial distribution.