Neutron Diffraction of Magnetic Materials

Neutron diffraction is a powerful tool for studying magnetic materials. Neutrons have a magnetic moment, and are scattered by the magnetic moments of atoms in a sample. The cross section for magnetic scattering is sensitive to the relative orientation of the neutron magnetic moment, the atomic magnetic moment, and the scattering vector. This allows magnetic structures to be determined from the intensities of magnetic diffraction peaks, in much the same way that crystal structures are determined from the intensities of nuclear diffraction peaks (Rodríguez-Carvajal 1993). Small-angle neutron scattering and polarized-neutron reflectometry can yield magnetic information over a range length scales, and can be applied to the study of magnetic nanoparticles, spin glasses, and magnetic multilayers (Arai et al. 1985a,b; Arai and Ishikawa 1985; Mangin et al. 1993; Ott et al. 2004). Inelastic magnetic scattering can be used to probe a range of magnetic excitations, providing quantitative information about the magnetic exchange forces between neighboring spins (Brockhouse 1957; Alperin et al. 1967; Samuelsen 1969; Samuelsen and Shirane 1970; Hansen et al. 1997, 2000; Lefmann et al. 1999, 2001; Klausen et al. 2003, 2004).