Computations of uniaxial compression of a granular material in a two-dimensional box (with the top plate moving downward) are presented, including the effects of wall friction. The granular flow equations are solved as a system of conservation laws plus a set of constitutive relations, using a conservative finite difference method. A high quality numerical scheme for propagating the moving top plate is introduced. Compared to the overall uniform compression of the granular material, the effects of friction lead to a greater compression of the material near the top corners and to a lesser compression near the bottom corners of the 2D box. Two flow cells develop in the velocity field of the granular material. The dependence of the flow on a set of dimensionless parameters is discussed. The evolution of a initially inhomogeneous density distribution is also simulated and analyzed.
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Gardner et al. (1994) studied this question.
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