Overexpression of the Rieske FeS protein of the Cytochrome b6f complex increases C4 photosynthesis in Setaria viridis

C 4 photosynthesis is characterised by a CO 2 concentrating mechanism that operates between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells increasing CO 2 partial pressure at the site of Rubisco and photosynthetic efficiency. Electron transport chains in both cell types supply ATP and NADPH for C 4 photosynthesis. Cytochrome b 6 f is a key control point of electron transport in C 3 plants. To study whether C 4 photosynthesis is limited by electron transport we constitutively overexpressed the Rieske FeS subunit in Setaria viridis . This resulted in a higher Cytochrome b 6 f content in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells without marked changes in the abundances of other photosynthetic proteins. Rieske overexpression plants showed better light conversion efficiency in both Photosystems and could generate higher proton-motive force across the thylakoid membrane underpinning an increase in CO 2 assimilation rate at ambient and saturating CO 2 and high light. Our results demonstrate that removing electron transport limitations can increase C 4 photosynthesis.