A description of the development and practical use of large Josephson series arrays for precision voltage measurements is given. The design and the measurement uncertainty of a standard instrument is described. The frequency stability is directly controlled by a radio signal of the long-wave transmitter DCF 77. The voltage standard does not need a screened room, and therefore it is ready for use independent of time and locality. It is shown that in 6 minutes a calibration of a Weston cell can be carried out with a total relative uncertainty (1 σ) of 12 × 10 -10 at 0.1 Hz bandwidth. By decreasing the bandwidth a value of 6.5 × 10 -10 is the ultimate limit for a single calibration.
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Niemeyer et al. (1988) studied this question.
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