Integration of electric vehicles for load frequency output feedback H ∞ control of smart grids

This study considers a novel application of electric vehicles (EVs) to quickly help reheated thermal turbine units to provide the stability fluctuated by load demands. A mathematical model of a power system with EVs is first derived. This model contains the dynamic interactions of EVs and multiple network‐induced time delays. Then, a dynamic output feedback H ∞ controller for load frequency control of power systems with multiple time delays in the control input is proposed. To address the multiple time delays issue, a refined Jensen‐based inequality, which encompasses the Jensen inequality, is used to derive less conservative synthesis conditions in terms of tractable linear matrix inequalities. A procedure is given to parameterise an output feedback controller to guarantee stability and H ∞ performance of the closed‐loop system. Extensive simulations are conducted to validate the proposed control method.