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Several one-dimensional finite elements for the static analysis of shear actuated piezo-electric three-dimensional beams are presented. A generic expression of stiffness and mass matrices is obtained through a Unified Formulation. The derivation is general regardless of the approximation order of the displacements and the electric potential over the cross-section and the number of nodes along the axial direction. A Lagrange’s polynomials based layer-wise approximation is used. Several mechanical boundary conditions and sensor and actuator configurations are investigated. Results are assessed towards three-dimensional finite element solutions. It is demonstrated that the proposed class of finite elements is able to yield very accurate results.
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Koutsawa et al. (2014) studied this question.
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