Biodegradable coating and films from food waste: Applications for smart food packaging industry: A review

The growing environmental concerns associated with conventional plastic packaging have accelerated the development of biodegradable alternatives derived from natural and renewable resources. Biopolymers such as proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids—individually or in combination—are being widely explored for use in bio-based packaging materials due to their biodegradability, non-toxicity, and eco-friendliness. These materials offer a sustainable solution to the environmental issues caused by synthetic plastics, especially in food packaging applications. Recent research emphasizes the potential of biodegradable films that incorporate bioactive compounds and allow controlled degradation, leading to the development of intelligent, active, and smart packaging systems. Furthermore, utilizing agricultural and food industry waste to extract natural antioxidants and biopolymers presents an innovative, eco-conscious approach that adds value to waste products while reducing environmental impact. The use of biopolymers from plant, animal, and marine sources enhances resource efficiency and promotes a circular economy. With their ability to break down through microbial, enzymatic, or hydrolytic activity, these biodegradable materials serve as viable substitutes for traditional plastics, addressing pollution and waste management challenges. This paper highlights the importance of adopting sustainable packaging practices and increasing public awareness about environmentally responsible living and ethical consumption, thereby supporting the global transition toward greener, more sustainable packaging solutions.