Four techniques based on the B‐spline expansion and the collocation approach for the numerical solution of the Lane–Emden equation

Four numerical techniques based on the linear B‐spline functions are presented for the numerical solution of the Lane–Emden equation. Some properties of the B‐spline functions are presented and are utilized to reduce the solution of the Lane–Emden equation to the solution of algebraic equations. Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the new techniques.