Differentially encoding and frequency offset compensating for a 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) vector signal in 60-GHz millimeter-wave radio-over-fiber (RoF) systems are experimentally investigated. The fourfold phase ambiguity issue in a non-data-aided signal communication transmission system with conventional square 16-QAM constellations is successfully tackled based on the differentially encoding scheme. Experimental results show that frequency offset compensation and carrier phase recovery are simultaneously achieved by utilizing the decision-directed carrier phase recovery algorithm. Up to~\! ± 1.3 × 10⁻³frequency offset times symbol rate productΔ f · Tₛis well compensated at the given bit-error-ratio (BER) value of~\!\!10⁻³.
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Yi et al. (2013) studied this question.
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